The Shifting Paradigm in Maqāsidi Discourse: A Case of Modern Islamic Bioethics
Abstract
The advancement of contemporary biomedical issues has brought forth two distinct responses among Muslim scholars. The traditional view, which strictly adheres to the Quran and tradition, tends to find it difficult or even outright rejects modern biomedical practices as they may conflict with religious texts. On the other hand, the rationalist perspective tends to be more open and accommodating towards modern biomedical practices as it relies on independent reasoning detached from revelation. While acknowledging the existence of the traditionalist viewpoint in the modern era, this paper focuses on the rationalist perspective, discussing how biomedical decisions are made. By examining rationalist views on several modern biomedical issues such as organ transplantation, in vitro fertilization, and blood trading, the researcher argues that the flexibility of the maqāsid al-sharīʿah principles has become the framework in the development of this biomedical field. The researcher highlights a shift in the maqāsid paradigm from a theocentric paradigm – interpreting religion with the narrow goal of 'defending God' – to an anthropocentric paradigm – interpreting religion to defend human beings and their rights. Using discourse analysis methodology, this study argues that the paradigm shift towards an anthropocentric maqāsid has integrated Sharia with human subjectivity influenced by interests. Consequently, modern biomedical issues, which address the interests of safeguarding human life, are prioritized. Finally, although such maqāsid may potentially lead to a liquid Islamic law, the researcher concludes that an anthropocentric maqāsid paradigm will be more humane, dynamic, accommodating, and responsive to the demands of human life development.
Abstrak: Kemajuan isu-isu biomedis kontemporer saat ini telah memunculkan dua aliran respon yang berbeda di mata para cendekiawan muslim. Pandangan tradisional, yang dengan ketat berpedoman pada Al-Qur’an dan tradisi, cenderung sulit atau bahkan tidak menerima sama sekali praktik-praktik biomedis modern karena bertentangan dengan nash-nash agama. Sementara pandangan rasionalis cenderung lebih terbuka dan akomodatif menerima praktik-praktik biomedis modern karena berpedoman pada penilaian akal sendiri yang terlepas dari wahyu. Terlepas dari mendiskusikan keberadaan pandangan pertama (tradisionalis) di era modern ini, makalah ini akan fokus pada pandangan kedua (rasionalis) dengan mendiskusikan bagaimana putusan-putusan biomedis dikeluarkan. Dengan mengkaji pandangan-pandangan rasionalis terhadap beberapa isu biomedis modern, seperti transplantasi organ, bayi tabung, dan jual beli darah, peneliti berargumen bahwa fleksibilitas prinsip-prinsip maqāsid al-syarīah telah menjadi framework dalam pengembangan bidang biomedis ini. Di sini, peneliti menyoroti adanya pergeseran maqāsid dari paradigma teosentris; menjalankan agama dengan tujuan ‘membela Tuhan’ dalam pengertian yang sempit, ke paradigma antroposentris; menjalankan agama untuk membela manusia dan hak-haknya. Dengan menggunakan metode analisis wacana, penelitian ini berargumen bahwa pergeseran paradigma maqāsid menuju antroposentris telah menjadikan syari’ah menyatu dengan subjektivitas manusia yang dipengaruhi oleh kepentingan-kepentingan. Karenanya, isu-isu biomedis modern, yang menjawab kepentingan menjaga jiwa manusia, adalah diutamakan. Terakhir, meskipun maqāsid seperti ini berpotensi mengarah pada liquid Islamic law, peneliti berkesimpulan bahwa paradigma maqāsid antroposentris akan lebih humanis, dinamis, akomodatif, dan responsif terhadap tuntutan perkembangan kehidupan manusia.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Abu al-Fath Muhammad al-Sahristani. al-Milal wa al-Nihal. Vol. Jilid 1. Beirut: Dar el-Fikr, t.t.
Abû Ishâq al-Syathibi. al-Muwafaqât fi Ushûl al-Syarî`ah. Beirut: Dâr al-Kutub al-`Ilmiyyah, 2009.
Auda, Jasser. Maqasid Al-Shariah as Philosophy of Islamic Law: A Systems Approach. International Institute of Islamic Thought, 2008. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvkc67tg.
Bagheri, Alireza, dan Khalid Abdulla Al-Ali, ed. Islamic Bioethics: Current Issues and Challenges. Intercultural Dialogue in Bioethics, vol. 2. New Jersey: World Scientific, 2018.
Fadl, Khaled Abou El. Reasoning with God: Reclaiming Shari‘ah in the Modern Age. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2014.
Ghaly, Mohammed. “Islamic Bioethics in the Twenty-First Century.” Zygon® 48, no. 3 (2013): 592–99. https://doi.org/10.1111/zygo.12021.
Hallaq, Wael B. “Maqasid and the Challenges of Modernity.” Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies 49, no. 1 (29 Juni 2011): 1–31. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2011.491.1-31.
Ibrahim, Abdul Halim, Noor Rahman, Shaikh Saifuddeen, dan Madiha Baharuddin. “Maqasid al-Shariah Based Islamic Bioethics: A Comprehensive Approach.” Journal of Bioethical Inquiry 16 (4 Februari 2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11673-019-09902-8.
Jasser Auda. Membumikan Hukum Islam Melalui Maqashid al-Syariah. Diterjemahkan oleh Rasidin dan Ali Abdul Mun`im. Bandung: Mizan. Diakses 6 Juli 2023. https://www.gramedia.com/products/membumikan-hukum-islam-melalui-maqasid-syariah.
Kamali, Mohammad Hashim. Maqasid Al-Shari’ah, Ijtihad and Civilisational Renewal. International Institute of Islamic Thought, 2012. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvkc6797.
Mustaqim, Abdul. “ARGUMENTASI KENISCAYAAN TAFSIR MAQASHIDI SEBAGAI BASIS MODERASI ISLAM,” 1–79. Yogyakarta, 2019. https://digilib.uin-suka.ac.id/id/eprint/37005/.
Nyazee, Imran Ahsan Khan. Theories of Islamic Law: The Methodology of Ijtihad. 2nd edition. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2016.
Padela, Aasim. “Maqāṣidī Models for an ‘Islamic’ Medical Ethics: Problem-Solving or Confusing at the Bedside?” American Journal of Islam and Society 39, no. 1–2 (8 Agustus 2022): 72–114. https://doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v39i1-2.3069.
Padela, Aasim, Ahsan Arozullah, dan Ebrahim Moosa. “Brain Death in Islamic Ethico-legal Deliberation: Challenges for Applied Islamic Bioethics.” Bioethics 27 (13 Desember 2011). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2011.01935.x.
___________, “Using the Maqāṣid Al-Sharīʿah to Furnish an Islamic Bioethics: Conceptual and Practical Issues.” Journal of Bioethical Inquiry 16, no. 3 (2019): 347.
___________, dan Ebrahim Moosa, ed. Medicine and Shariah: A Dialogue in Islamic Bioethics. Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 2021.
Sachedina, Abdulaziz. Islamic biomedical ethics: Principles and Application. USA: OPA, 2009.
Saifuddeen, Shaikh, Noor Rahman, Noor Munirah Isa, dan Azizan Baharuddin. “Maqasid al-Shariah as a Complementary Framework to Conventional Bioethics.” Science and engineering ethics 20 (9 Juli 2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-013-9457-0.
Tajehmiri, Ahmad. “Islamic Bioethics for Fetus Abortion in Iran.” American Journal of Scientific Research, 1 Januari 2011, 118–21.
Washfiy ’Āsyur. Ahkam al-Shariah Baina al-Ta’abbud wa al-Talil. London: Muassasah al-Furqan li al-Turats al-Islamiy, 2014.
Wijaya, Aksin. “AN ARGUMENT FOR ISLAMIC ANTHROPOCENTRISM (From Taklifi Reasoning to Human Right Reasoning).” PalArch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt / Egyptology 17, no. 3 (12 November 2020): 487–500. https://doi.org/10.48080/jae.v17i3.122.
Yusuf al-Qaradhawiy. Dirāsah fï Fiqh al-Maqāsid al-Sharīah Baina al-Maqāsid al-Kulliyah wa al-Nusūs al-Juz’iyyah. Kairo: Dār al-Syurūq, 2008.
———. Fatwa Al-Mu’asirah. Vol. jilid 2. Kuwait: Dar al-Qalam, 1994.
المراكبي, محمد. “الحداثة وتحولات الخطاب المقاصدي: نحو فقه سائل؟.” Journal of Islamic Ethics 3, no. 1–2 (27 Desember 2019): 9–29. https://doi.org/10.1163/24685542-12340028.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24014/an-nida.v47i2.25957
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Editorial Office Board :
LPPM Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau
Jl. HR. Soebrantas KM. 15,5 Panam - Pekanbaru
http://ejournal.uin-suska.ac.id/index.php/Anida/index
An-Nida by http://ejournal.uin-suska.ac.id/index.php/Anida is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
View My Stats