From Normative to Rational: The Reorientation of Rashid Rida’s Interpretive Paradigm Regarding the Prohibition of Khamr
Abstract
This study aims to re-examine the rationalistic dimension of Tafsīr al-Manār by focusing on Rashid Rida’s exegesis of Qur’anic verses pertaining to the prohibition of khamr, specifically Q. al-Baqarah 2:219, Q. al-Nisā’ 4:43, and Q. al-Mā’idah 5:90–91. Employing a qualitative methodology with a content-analytic approach, the research primarily utilizes Tafsīr al-Manār as its principal source, supplemented by pertinent secondary literature. The findings demonstrate that Rida’s interpretation transcends a purely normative-theological framework by integrating rational and empirical arguments that possess universal validity. Rida contends that the Qur’anic prohibition of khamr is not solely a divine injunction to be obeyed but is underpinned by logical, moral, and practical considerations. His exegesis elucidates four dimensions of rationality: (1) khamr inflicts physiological harm detrimental to human health; (2) khamr impairs cognitive clarity and diminishes self-control; (3) khamr undermines economic stability through wastefulness, reduced productivity, and dependency; and (4) khamr fosters social disintegration manifested in conflict, criminality, and moral decline. These results suggest that Rida endeavors to reconcile revelation with reason, affirming that Qur’anic ethics are founded upon a rational basis consonant with universal human understanding. Accordingly, Tafsīr al-Manār can be situated as a rational and contextual interpretive model pertinent to the advancement of contemporary intellectual discourse, ethics, and social responsibility.
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji kembali dimensi rasionalitas dalam Tafsir al-Manār dengan menyoroti penafsiran Rashid Rida terhadap ayat-ayat Al-Qur’an tentang larangan khamr, yaitu Q.S. al-Baqarah: 219, Q.S. al-Nisā’: 43, dan Q.S. al-Mā’idah: 90–91. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan konten-analitis yang menjadikan Tafsir al-Manār sebagai sumber utama dan didukung literatur sekunder yang relevan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penafsiran Rida tidak berhenti pada kerangka normatif-teologis, tetapi memperluasnya dengan mempertimbangkan argumentasi rasional dan empiris yang dapat diterima secara universal. Rida menegaskan bahwa larangan Al-Qur’an terhadap khamr bukan semata-mata ketetapan ilahi yang harus ditaati, melainkan memiliki dasar logis, moral, dan praktis. Dari penafsirannya, teridentifikasi empat dimensi rasionalitas: (1) khamr menimbulkan kerusakan fisiologis yang membahayakan kesehatan; (2) khamr melemahkan kejernihan berpikir dan mengurangi kemampuan kendali diri; (3) khamr mengganggu stabilitas ekonomi melalui pemborosan, penurunan produktivitas, dan ketergantungan; serta (4) khamr berkontribusi terhadap disintegrasi sosial melalui konflik, kriminalitas, dan kerusakan moral. Temuan ini mengindikasikan bahwa Rida berupaya mengharmonikan wahyu dengan akal, menegaskan bahwa etika Al-Qur’an memiliki basis rasional yang sejalan dengan pemahaman manusia universal. Implikasinya, Tafsir al-Manār dapat diposisikan sebagai model penafsiran yang rasional dan kontekstual, yang relevan bagi pengembangan wacana intelektual, etika, dan tanggung jawab sosial dalam konteks kontemporer.
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24014/an-nida.v49i2.38266
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