The Ethical Limitation of Using Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Teaching Prophetic Tradition

Abdul Mufid

doi:10.24014/jush.v32i2.31618

The Ethical Limitation of Using Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Teaching Prophetic Tradition

Abdul Mufid

Abstract

This research explored the relationship between Prophetic traditions and artificial intelligence (AI), focusing on the ethical implications and dynamics of human-AI interactions in the context of hadith teachings in the postmodern technological era. Involving an in-depth analysis of the Prophet's teachings regarding science and technology, this research aims to detail ethical perspectives that can guide the development and use of artificial intelligence. With an interdisciplinary approach, this research combined religious values with developments in AI technology, discussing the confluence between the traditions of the Prophet and current dynamics in the world of technology. Ethical implications from an Islamic hadith perspective were detailed, highlighting how moral and human values could be integrated into designing and implementing AI technologies. Additionally, this research explored the impact of human-AI interactions in the postmodern era, considering how AI technology could support the development of a society based on the Prophet's teachings and values. A comprehensive understanding of artificial intelligence's limitations, risks, and human responsibilities was also detailed to balance technological progress and moral values. Hopefully, the research results will contribute to a better understanding of the relationship between religious traditions, especially hadith teachings, and advances in AI technology, providing a solid ethical foundation for technological development in the postmodern era

Keywords

Artificial Intelligence; Postmodern Technology; Technological Morality; Interdisciplinary Dynamics

References

Acypreste, Rafael de, and Edemilson Parana (2022), “Artificial Intelligence and Employment: A Systematic Review.” Brazilian Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 42, No. 4, 1014–1032, http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-31572022-3320.

Ali Al-Bar, Mohammed, and Hassan Chamsi-Pasha (2015), “The Sources of Common Principles of Morality and Ethics in Islam.” Contemporary Bioethics, n.d., https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18428-9_2.

Arshi Saloot, Mohammad, Norisma Idris, Rohana Mahmud, Salinah Ja’afar, Dirk Thorleuchter, and Abdullah Gani (2016), “Hadith Data Mining and Classification: A Comparative Analysis.” Artif Intell Rev, Vol. 46, 113–128, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-016-9458-x.

Ashraf, Cameran (2022), “Exploring the Impacts of Artificial Intelligence on Freedom of Religion or Belief Online.” The International Journal of Human Rights, Vol. 26, No. 5, 757–791, https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1080/13642987.2021.1968376.

Bajwa, Junaid, Munir, Usman, Nori, Aditya, & Williams, Bryan (2021), “Artificial intelligence in healthcare: transforming the practice of medicine,” Future Healthc J., Vol. 8, No. 2, e188-e194, doi: 10.7861/fhj.2021-0095

Bakiner, Onur (2023), “What Do Academics Say about Artificial Intelligence Ethics? An Overview of the Scholarship.” AI Ethics, Vol. 3, 513–525, https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-022-00182-4.

Balasubramaniam, Nagadivya, Marjo Kauppinen, Antti Rannisto, Kari Hiekkanen, and Sari Kujala (2023), “Transparency and Explainability of AI Systems: From Ethical Guidelines to Requirements.” Information and Software Technology, Vol. 159, 107197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infsof.2023.107197.

Boguszewski, Rafal, Marta Makowska, and Monika Podkowińska (2022), “Changes in Intensification of Religious Involvement during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland.” LoS ONE, Vol. 17, No. 6, e0269015, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269015.

Carsen Stahl, Bernd (2023), “Embedding Responsibility in Intelligent Systems: From AI Ethics to Responsible AI Ecosystems.” Sci Rep, Vol. 13, 7586, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-34622-w.

Carsten STAHL, Bernd (2022), “Responsible Innovation Ecosystems: Ethical Implications of the Application of the Ecosystem Concept to Artificial Intelligence.” International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 62, 102441, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102441.

Cheng-Tek Tai, Michael (2020), “The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Human Society and Bioethics.” Tzu Chi Med J, Vol. 32, No. 4, 339–343, https://doi.org/doi: 10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_71_20.

Dawilah E. Syed Muhamad (1993), Epistemologi Islam: Teori Ilmu dalam Al-Quran, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

Dimic, Nebojsa, Veda Fatmy, and Sami Vahamaa (2023), “Religiosity and Corporate Social Responsibility: A Study of Firm-Level Adherence to Christian Values in the United States.” Https://Onlinelibrary.Wiley.Com/Doi/Full/10.1002/Csr.2576, https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.2576.

Dorobantu, Marius (2022), “Artificial Intelligence As A Testing Ground for Key Theological Questions.” Zygon, Vol. 57, No. 4, 984–999.

Ebrahimi, Mansoureh, and Kamaruzaman Yusoff (2017), “Islamic Identity, Ethical Principles and Human Values.” European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, Vol. 2, No. 6, 326–37

F. Furstenberg, Frank (2019), “Family Change in Global Perspective: How and Why Family Systems Change.” Fam Relat, Vol. 68, No. 3, 326–341, https://doi.org/doi: 10.1111/fare.12361.

Fassin, Yves (2000), “Innovation and Ethics Ethical Considerations in the Innovation Business.” Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 27, No. 1, 193–203.

Felzmann, Heike, Eduard Fosch Villaronga, Christoph Lutz, and Aurelia Tamò-Larrieux (2019), “Transparency You Can Trust: Transparency Requirements for Artificial Intelligence between Legal Norms and Contextual Concerns.” Big Data & Society, Vol. 6, No. 1, https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951719860542.

Filippi, Emilia, Mariasole Bannò, and Sandro Trento (2023), “Automation Technologies and Their Impact on Employment: A Review, Synthesis and Future Research Agenda.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol. 91, 122448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122448.

Gabriel, Iason (2020), “Artificial Intelligence, Values, and Alignment.” Minds & Machines, Vol. 30, 411–437, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-020-09539-2.

Gonçalves, Bernardo (2023), “Can machines think? The controversy that led to the Turing test,” AI & Soc, Vol. 38, 2499–2509, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-021-01318-6

Gordon, John-Stewart (2021), “AI and law: ethical, legal, and socio-political implications,” AI & Soc, Vol. 36, 403–404, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-021-01194-0

Gruetzemacher, Ross, and Jess Whittlestone (2022), “The Transformative Potential of Artificial Intelligence.” Futures, Vol. 135, 102884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2021.102884.

Guan, Hongjun, Liye Dong, and Aiwu Zhao (2022), “Ethical Risk Factors and Mechanisms in Artificial Intelligence Decision Making.” Behav Sci (Basel), Vol. 12, No. 9, 343, https://doi.org/doi: 10.3390/bs12090343.

Hajam, Hajam, Muzaki Muzaki, Dedeh Nur Hamidah, Aah Syafaah, & Aditia Muara Padiatra (2020), “The Contribution of Al-Ghazali in Promoting Islamic Moderate Thought in Indonesia,” Sunan Kalijaga: International Journal of Islamic Civilization, Vol. 3, No. 2, https://doi.org/10.14421/skijic.v3i2.1894

Han, Shengnan, Eugene Kelly, Shahrokh Nikou, and Eric-Oluf Svee (2022), “Aligning Artificial Intelligence with Human Values: Reflections from a Phenomenological Perspective.” AI & Soc, Vol. 37, 1383–1395, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-021-01247-4.

Hardman, Lynda (2022), “Cultural Influences on Artificial Intelligence: Along the New Silk Road.” In Werthner, H., Prem, E., Lee, E.A., Ghezzi, C. (Eds) Perspectives on Digital Humanism, New York: Springer, Cham.

Hassan, M. Kabir, Laura Chiaramonte, Alberto Dreassi, Andrea Paltrinieri, and Stefano Piserà (2022), “The Religious Fringe of Corporate Social Responsibility.” International Review of Economics & Finance, Vol. 80, 243–265, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2022.02.003.

Hassan Al-Awamreh, Mohammed (2016), “Al-Imam Al-Ghazali’s View of Moral Education: Its Purposes and Pillars,” US-China Education Review B, Vol. 6, No. 5, 311-317, doi:10.17265/2161-6248/2016.05.004

Hauer, Tomas (2022), “Importance and Limitations of AI Ethics in Contemporary Society.” Humanit Soc Sci Commun, Vol. 9, 272, https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-022-01300-7.

He, Yugang, and Wanting Tian (2022), “Corporate Social Responsibility: Does Religious Community Matter?” Religions, Vol. 13, No. 10, 1006. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13101006.

Head, George (2020), “Ethics in Educational Research: Review Boards, Ethical Issues and Researcher Development.” European Educational Research Journal, Vol. 19, No. 1, 72–83, https://doi.org/10.1177/1474904118796315.

Heimstädt, Maximilian (2020), “Transparency and Accountability: Causal, Critical and Constructive Perspectives.” Organization Theory, Vol. 1, No. 4, https://doi.org/10.1177/2631787720964216.

Heyder, Teresa, Nina Passlack, and Oliver Posegga (2023), “Ethical Management of Human-AI Interaction: Theory Development Review.” The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, Vol. 32, No. 3, 101772, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsis.2023.101772.

Hohenstein, Jess, Rene F. Kizilcec, Dominic DiFranzo, Zhila Aghajari, Hannah Mieczkowski, Karen Levy, Mor Naaman, Jeffrey Hancock, and Malte F. Jung (2023), “Artificial Intelligence in Communication Impacts Language and Social Relationships.” Sci Rep, Vol. 13, 5487, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-30938-9.

Jakob Häußermann, Johann, and Fabian Schroth (2020), “Aligning Innovation and Ethics: An Approach to Responsible Innovation Based on Preference Learning.” Philosophy of Management, Vol. 19, 349–364, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40926-019-00120-1.

Jian Zhao, Mengging Wu, Liyun Zhou, Xuezhu Wang, Jian Jia (2022), “Cognitive psychology-based artificial intelligence review,” Front Neurosci, Vol. 16, 1024316, doi: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1024316

Joko Prayitno, Harun, Markhamah Markhamah, Yakub Nasucha, Miftakhul Huda, Koesoemo Ratih, Ubaidullah Ubaidullah, Muhammad Rohmadi, Endry Boeriswati, and Nadarajan Thambu (2022), “Prophetic Educational Values in the Indonesian Language Textbook: Pillars of Positive Politeness and Character Education.” Heliyon, Vol. 8, No. 8, e10016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10016.

K. Dhimolea, Tetyana, Regina Kaplan-Rakowski, and Lin Lin (2022), “Supporting Social and Emotional Well-Being with Artificial Intelligence.” In Albert, M.V., Lin, L., Spector, M.J., Dunn, L.S. (Eds) Bridging Human Intelligence and Artificial Intelligence. Educational Communications and Technology: Issues and Innovations, New York: Springer, Cham.

Kamaluddin, Kamaluddin, and Putri Rizka Citaningati (2023), “Islamic Leadership: Prophet Muhammad as a Role Model for Being Charismatic, Transformational and Servant Leader.” International Journal of Applied Business and International Management, Vol. 8, No. 2, 53–66, https://doi.org/10.32535/ijabim.v8i2.2460.

Karjalainen, Helena (2020), “Cultural Identity and Its Impact on Today’s Multicultural Organizations.” International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, Vol. 20, No. 2, 249–262.

Khan, Bangul, Hajira Fatima, Ayatullah Qureshi, Sanjay Kumar, Abdul Hanan, Jawad Hussain, and Saad Abdullah (2023), “Drawbacks of Artificial Intelligence and Their Potential Solutions in the Healthcare Sector.” Biomed Mater Devices, 1–8, https://doi.org/doi: 10.1007/s44174-023-00063-2.

Khan, Issa, Mohammad Elius, Mohd Nor Mohd Nor, Mohd Yakub zulkifli Bin Mohd yusoff, Kamaruzaman Noordin, and Fadillah Mansor (2020), “A Critical Appraisal of Interreligious Dialogue in Islam.” SAGE Open, Vol. 10, No. 4, https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020970560.

Kodir, Abdul (2023), “Integrating Hadith Into Education: Bridging The Gap Between Traditional Islamic Scholarship and Modern Learning.” Diroyah: Jurnal Studi Ilmu Hadis, Vol. 7, No. 2, 221–235, https://doi.org/doi:https://doi.org/10.15575/diroyah.v7i2.25118.

L. Guzman, Andrea, and Seth C. Lewis (2020), “Artificial Intelligence and Communication: A Human–Machine Communication Research Agenda.” New Media & Society, Vol. 22, No. 1, 70–86, https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819858691.

Lebovic, Nitzan, and Daniel Weidner (2020), “Introduction.” Political Theology, Vol. 21, No. 1–2, 1–8, https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1080/1462317X.2020.1732000.

Lin, Cong (2019), “Understanding Cultural Diversity and Diverse Identities.” In Leal Filho, W., Azul, A., Brandli, L., Özuyar, P., Wall, T. (Eds) Quality Education. Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, New York: Springer, Cham.

Loue, Sana (2017), “Research with Religious Communities.” In Handbook of Religion and Spirituality in Social Work Practice and Research, New York: Springer.

M. Geraci, Robert (2008), “Apocalyptic AI: Religion and the Promise of Artificial Intelligence.” Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Vol. 76, No. 1, 138–166, https://doi.org/10.1093/jaarel/lfm101.

Marques Paes, Vanessa, Franciane Freitas Silveira, Alessandra Cristina, and Santos Akkari Munhoz (2023), “Negative Social Impacts of Artificial Intelligence and the Main Mitigation Actions: A Systematic Review.” Proceedings of IDEAS 2022, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29129-6_3.

McLean, Scott, Gemma J. M. Read, Jason Thompson, Chris Baber, Neville A. Stanton, and Paul M. Salmon (2023), “The Risks Associated with Artificial General Intelligence: A Systematic Review.” Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 35, No. 5, 649–663, https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1080/0952813X.2021.1964003.

Mogra, Imran (2017), “Strengthening Ethics: A Faith Perspective on Educational Research.” J Acad Ethics, Vol. 15, 365–376, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-017-9292-z.

Morrison-Smith, Sarah, & Ruiz, Jaime (2020), “Challenges and barriers in virtual teams: a literature review,” SN Appl. Sci., Vol. 2, 1096, https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-2801-5

Mufid, Abdul, Massoweang, Abdul Kadir, Mujizatullah, Mujizatullah, & Muslim, Abu (2023), "A religious discourse on water and environmental conservation issues: An interfaith approach," Verbum et Ecclesia, Vol. 44, No. 1, doi:https://doi.org/10.4102/ve.v44i1.2822

Mufid, Abdul, Saepudin, Juju, Marpuah, Marpuah, Tabroni, Imam, and Maulana, Mohammad (2022), "Public religious embodiment: A contemporary discussion" Verbum et Ecclesia, Vol. 43, No. 1, doi:https://doi.org/10.4102/ve.v43i1.2448

Newman, Joshua (2023), “Promoting Interdisciplinary Research Collaboration: A Systematic Review, a Critical Literature Review, and a Pathway Forward.” Social Epistemology, https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1080/02691728.2023.2172694.

Novelli, Claudio, Mariarosaria Taddeo, and Luciano Floridi (2023), “Accountability in Artificial Intelligence: What It Is and How It Works.” AI & Soc, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-023-01635-y.

O. Brown, Norman (1982), “The Prophetic Tradition.” Studies in Romanticism, Vol. 21, No. 3, 367–386, https://doi.org/10.2307/25600364.

Orton, Andrew (2016), “Interfaith Dialogue: Seven Key Questions for Theory, Policy and Practice.” Religion, State and Society, Vol. 44, No. 4, 349–365, https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1080/09637494.2016.1242886.

Othman, Zulkeplee, Rosemary Aird, and Laurie Buys (2015), “Privacy, Modesty, Hospitality, and the Design of Muslim Homes: A Literature Review.” Frontiers of Architectural Research, Vol. 4, No. 1, 12–23, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2014.12.001.

Parti, Katalin, Akos Szigeti, and Sandro Serpa (2021), “The Future of Interdisciplinary Research in the Digital Era: Obstacles and Perspectives of Collaboration in Social and Data Sciences - An Empirical Study.” Cogent Social Sciences, Vol. 7, No. 1, https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1080/23311886.2021.1970880.

Pataranutaporn, Pat, Ruby Liu, Ed Finn, and Pattie Maes (2023), “Influencing Human–AI Interaction by Priming Beliefs about AI Can Increase Perceived Trustworthiness, Empathy and Effectiveness.” Nat Mach Intell, Vol. 5, 1076–1086, https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-023-00720-7.

Prunkl, Carina (2022), “Human Autonomy in the Age of Artificial Intelligence.” Nat Mach Intell, Vol. 4, 99–101, https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-022-00449-9.

Raquib, Amana, Bilal Channa, Talat Zubair, and Junaid Qadir (2022), “Islamic Virtue-Based Ethics for Artificial Intelligence.” Discov Artif Intell, Vol. 2, 11, https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-022-00028-2.

Raquib, Amana (2023), “Commentary on Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Islamic Ethics: Towards Pluralist Ethical Benchmarking for AI,” Philos. Technol. Vol. 36, 74, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-023-00677-w

Rejeb, Abderahman, Rejeb, Karim, and Zailani, Suhaiza (2021), “Horst Treiblmaier, Karen J. Hand, Integrating the Internet of Things in the halal food supply chain: A systematic literature review and research agenda,” Internet of Things, Vol. 13, 100361, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iot.2021.100361.

Ridwan, Aang (2023), “Prophetic Communication in the Era of Artificial Intelligence: Efforts to Convey Comprehensive Islamic Messages.” Diroyah: Jurnal Studi Ilmu Hadis, Vol. 8, No. 1, 158–175, https://doi.org/doi:https://doi.org/10.15575/diroyah.v8i1.29382.

Richardson, J.P., Smith, C., Curtis, S. et al. (2021), “Patient apprehensions about the use of artificial intelligence in healthcare,” npj Digit. Med., Vol. 4, 140, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-021-00509-1

Rodrigues, Rowena (2020), “Legal and Human Rights Issues of AI: Gaps, Challenges and Vulnerabilities.” Journal of Responsible Technology, Vol. 4, 100005, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrt.2020.100005.

Rodríguez-Domínguez, Luis, and Isabel Gallego-Alvarez (2021), “Investigating the Impact of Different Religions on Corporate Social Responsibility Practices: A Cross-National Evidence.” Cross-Cultural Research, Vol. 55, No. 5, 497–524. https://doi.org/10.1177/10693971211034446.

Roser, Max (2022), “The brief history of artificial intelligence: The world has changed fast – what might be next?” Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from: 'https://ourworldindata.org/brief-history-of-ai' [Online Resource].

Rusydi, Ibnu, Saepudin, Didin, & Murodi, Murodi (2023), “The Golden Age of Islamic Intellectuals and The Development of Science During The Abbasid Dynasty,” Tafkir: Interdisciplinary Journal of Islamic Education, Vol. 4, No. 4, 599–609, https://doi.org/10.31538/tijie.v4i4.726

Sampson, Fraser (2021), “Data Privacy and Security: Some Legal and Ethical Challenges.” In Jahankhani, H., Kendzierskyj, S., Akhgar, B. (Eds) Information Security Technologies for Controlling Pandemics. Advanced Sciences and Technologies for Security Applications, New York: Springer, Cham.

Sosyal Altugan, Arzu (2015), “The Relationship Between Cultural Identity and Learning.” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 186, 1159–1162, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.161.

Subagiya, Bahrum & Mujahidin, Endin (2023), “Science Teaching in Islamic Civilization: an Analysis of Ibn Khaldun's Muqaddimah,” At-Turas: Jurnal Studi Keislaman, Vol. 10, No. 1, https://doi.org/10.33650/at-turas.v10i1.4826

Sulistio, Bambang, Arief Ramadhan, Edi Abdurachman, Muhammad Zarlis, and Agung Trisetyarso (2023), “The Utilization of Machine Learning on Studying Hadith in Islam: A Systematic Literature Review.” Educ Inf Technol, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-12008-9.

Tadpatrikar, Ashwini, Manoj Kumar Sharma, and Silpa S. Viswanath (2021), “Influence of Technology Usage on Family Communication Patterns and Functioning: A Systematic Review.” Asian Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 58, 102595, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102595.

The Prince of Wales, HRH (1998), “A Sense Of The Sacred: Building Bridges Between Islam And The West.” European Judaism: A Journal for the New Europe, Vol. 31, No. 1, 4–8.

Vermeulen, Ben, Jan Kesselhut, Andreas Pyka, and Pier Paolo Saviotti (2018), “The Impact of Automation on Employment: Just the Usual Structural Change?” Sustainability, Vol. 10, No. 5, 1661, https://doi.org/10.3390/su10051661.

Vinuesa, Ricardo, Hossein Azizpour, Iolanda Leite, Madeline Balaam, Virginia Dignum, Sami Domisch, Anna Fellander, Simone Daniela Langhans, Max Tegmark, and Francesco Fuso Nerini (2020), “The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals.” Nat Commun, Vol. 11, 233, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-14108-y.

Waelen, Rosalie, and Michat Wieczorek (2022), “The Struggle for AI’s Recognition: Understanding the Normative Implications of Gender Bias in AI with Honneth’s Theory of Recognition.” Philos. Technol, Vol. 35, 53, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-022-00548-w.

Williams, Rebecca, Richard Cloete, Jennifer Cobbe, Caitlin Cottrill, Peter Edwards, Milan Markovic, Iman Naja, Frances Ryan, Jatinder Singh, and Wei Pang (2022), “From Transparency to Accountability of Intelligent Systems: Moving beyond Aspirations.” Data & Policy, Vol. 4, No. E7, https://doi.org/doi:10.1017/dap.2021.37.

Xu, Bo, and Linlin Ma (2022), “Religious Values Motivating CSR: An Empirical Study from Corporate Leaders’ Perspective.” J Bus Ethics, Vol. 176, 487–505. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-020-04688-x.

Yaqub Chaudhary, Mohammad (2020), “Initial Considerations for Islamic Digital Ethics.” Philos. Technol, Vol. 33, 639–657, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-020-00418-3.

Zakaria, Zalina, Nursyamimi Zawani Mohd Shoid (2023), Chapter 2 - Halal food product innovation according to Shariah law, Editor(s): Nina Naquiah Ahmad Nizar, Siti Aimi Sarah Zainal Abidin, Aishah Bujang, Innovation of Food Products in Halal Supply Chain Worldwide, Academic Press, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-91662-2.00020-X

Zhang, Lin, Beibei Sun, Zaida Chinchilla-Rodríguez, Lixin Chen, and Ying Huang (2018), “Interdisciplinarity and Collaboration: On the Relationship between Disciplinary Diversity in Departmental Affiliations and Reference Lists.” Scientometrics, Vol. 117, 271–291, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-018-2853-0.

Zimmerman, Anne, Joel Janhonen, and Emily Beer (2023), “Human/AI Relationships: Challenges, Downsides, and Impacts on Human/Human Relationships.” AI Ethics, https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-023-00348-8.

Zuo’an, Wang (2013), “Religious Harmony: A Fresh Concept in the Age of Globalization.” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 77, 210–213, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.03.080.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24014/jush.v32i2.31618