HUMAN RIGHTS FOR FEMALE TERRORIST OFFENDERS: SUICIDE BOMBERS AND THEIR FAMILIES MEMBERS
Abstract
ABSTRACT
This article shows a new perspective about female terrorist offenders, predominantly female suicide bombers. The method is a literature review with human rights and victim perspectives. The authors argue they are not indeed offenders in the terrorism and terror agenda, and even if they are lone offenders, they also have human rights. They are victims of power relations. How can female terrorist offenders, especially female suicide bombers and their families, get human rights? This article argues human rights ideas for them despite their position in society and legal as offenders or families of offenders. The victim and feminism perspectives use to support this idea. Female terrorist offenders include female suicide bombers who are still alive need protection in their daily lives, such as mental health and health access.
[Artikel ini menunjukkan perspektif baru tentang perempuan pelaku terorisme terutama perempuan pelaku teror bunuh diri. Metode dalam penulisan menggunakan penelusuran literatur dengan penggunaan perspektif hak asasi manusia dan korban. Penulis menemukan bahwa mereka sebenarnya bukan pelaku sungguhan dalam terorisme maupun agenda teror, andai pun mereka pelaku independen, sebagai manusia mereka tetap punya hak asasi manusia. Mereka adalah korban relasi kuasa. Lantas, bagaimana perempuan pelaku terorisme secara khusus pelaku teror bunuh diri dan keluarganya mendapatkan hak asasi manusia? Artikel ini menggunakan pemikiran hak asasi manusia sebagai ide dan mengesampingkan posisi mereka sebagai pelaku maupun keluarga pelaku. Perspektif korban maupun feminis mendukung ide tersebut. Perempuan teroris termasuk perempuan pelaku teror bnuh diri yang masih hidup membutuhkan perlindungan dalam kehidupannya termasuk kesehatan mental maupun fisik.]
Keyword: human rights, female suicide bombers, female terrorist, feminism, power relation
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
A., L. A. S. (2000). Kekerasan Negara, Perempuan, dan Refleksi Negara Patriarki. In N. I. Subono (Ed.), Kekerasan Negara Terhadap Perempuan. Yayasan Jurnal Perempuan.
Agara, A. P. D., Santoso, B., & Puspitawati, D. (2021). PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM PESERTA PROGRAM JAMINAN HARI TUA LEGAL PROTECTION OF PARTICIPANTS OF THE OLD AGE GUARANTEE PROGRAM AT THE SOCIAL SECURITY ORGANIZING BODY OF EMPLOYMENT. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Pancasila Dan Kewarganegaraan, 6, 11–17.
Alvanou, M. (2006). Criminology and the Study of Female Suicide Terrorism. In Y. Schweitzer (Ed.), Female Suicide Bombers : Dying for Equality ? (pp. 91–106). Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies: Tel Aviv University.
Banks, C. (2019). Introduction: Women, Gender, and Terrorism: Gendering Terrorism. Women and Criminal Justice, 29(4–5), 181–187. https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2019.1633612
Brotto, G. L. M., Sinnamon, G., & Petherick, W. (2017). Victimology and predicting victims of personal violence. In The Psychology of Criminal and Antisocial Behavior: Victim and Offender Perspectives (Issue December). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809287-3.00003-1
Burgess-Proctor, A. (2006). Intersections of Race, Class, Gender, and Crime: Future Directions for Feminist Criminology. Feminist Criminology, 1(1), 27–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557085105282899
Davies, P. (2018). Feminist Voices, Gender and Victimisation. In Handbook of Victims and Victimology (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315712871-8/feminist-voices-gender-victimisation-pamela-davies
Firmansyah, H. (2011). UPAYA PENANGGULANGAN TINDAK PIDANA TERORISME di Indonesia *. Mimbar Hukum, 23(2), 375–393.
Foucault, M. (1982). The Subject and Power. Critical Inquiry, 8(4). https://www.jstor.org/stable/1343197
Fullmer, N., Mizrahi, S. L., Tomsich, E., Fullmer, N., Mizrahi, S. L., Tomsich, E., Fullmer, N., & Mizrahi, S. L. (2019). Women & Criminal Justice The Lethality of Female Suicide Bombers The Lethality of Female Suicide Bombers. Women & Criminal Justice, 0(0), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2018.1548409
Gatot Goei, S.H., M. H., Iwa Maulana, S. S., & Clianta de Santo, S. . (2019). Laporan Penelitian Pola Pemidanaan Tindak Pidana Terorisme di Indonesia. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Rlq5BZNbQRZSOAMOK-rUowXvQ-034qm1/view
Goldsmith, A. (2016). Terrorism in a Networked World. In A. Jarrold (Ed.), Transnational Crime & Criminal Justice (1st ed.). Sage Publications Ltd.
González, A. L., Freilich, J. D., & Chermak, S. M. (2014). How Women Engage Homegrown Terrorism. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557085114529809
Jahanbani, N. P., Willis, C. N., & Willis, C. N. (2019). Small Wars & Insurgencies The ballot or the bomb belt : the roots of female suicide terrorism before and after 9 / 11. Small Wars & Insurgencies, 30(6–7), 1117–1150. https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2019.1649817
Ju, H. (2012). Anti-terrorism eforts in Indonesia. In V. V. Ramjay, M. Hor, K. Roach, & G. Williams (Eds.), Global Anti-Terrorism Law and Policy (pp. 290–309). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/doi:10.1017/CBO9781139043793.015
Juwana, H. (2006). Human Rights in Indonesia. In R. Peerenboom, C. J. C. Petersen, & A. H. Y. (Eds.), Human Rights in Asia (pp. 364–383). Routledge. https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=8235016600
Kymlicka, W. (2018). Human rights without human supremacism *. 48(5), 763–792.
Mustofa, M. (2002). MEMAHAMI TERORISME : SUATU PERSPEKTIF KRIMINOLOGI. Jurnal Kriminologi Indonesia, 2(Iii), 30–38.
Mustofa, M. (2015). Metode Penelitian Kriminologi (3rd ed.). Prenadamedia Gorup.
Mustofa, M. (2021). Kriminologi Kajian Sosiologi Terhadap Kriminalitas, Perilaku Menyimpang dan Pelanggaran Hukum (3rd ed.). Kencana: Prenadamedia Group.
Onwutuebe, C. J. (2019). Patriarchy and Women Vulnerability to Adverse Climate Change in Nigeria. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019825914
Pertiwi, M. K. (2017). ETHNIC PROFILING AND COUNTER-TERRORISM IN EUROPEAN HUMAN RIGHTS REGIME : A PHILOSOPHICAL LEGAL REVIEW *. Mimbar Hukum, 29(3), 503–514.
Ronnet, D. B., & Russel, K. S. (2020). The Practice of Research in Criminology and Criminal Justice (7th ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc.
Simarmata, B. (2011). Pemberian remisi terhadap narapidana koruptor dan teroris. Mimbar Hukum, 23(3), 431–645.
Sjoberg, L., & Gentry, C. E. (2011). Women, Gender, and Terrorism. the University of Georgia Press.
Soules, M. J. (2019). Studies in Conflict & Terrorism Martyr or Mystery ? Female Suicide Bombers and Information Availability Martyr or Mystery ? Female Suicide Bombers and Information Availability. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 0(0), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2019.1697024
Tartaro, C. (2021). Research Methods for Criminal Justice and Criminology. Routledge.
Tong, R. (2018). Feminist thought: A more comprehensive introduction. In Feminist Thought, Student Economy Edition: A More Comprehensive Introduction. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429493836
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24014/marwah.v21i1.15309
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2022 Marwah: Jurnal Perempuan, Agama dan Jender
Editorial Office Board :
Pusat Studi Gender dan Anak LPPM UIN Sultan Syarif Kasim RiauGedung Islamic Center Lantai 1
Jl. H.R. Soebrantas KM. 15.5, Simpangbaru, Tampan
Pekanbaru - 28293
email: jurnal.marwah@uin-suska.ac.id
Marwah: Jurnal Perempuan, Agama dan Jender is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International.