Distingsi Al-Qur’an dan Hadis: Kritik Fred M. Donner terhadap Pemikiran Revisionis John Wansbrough
Abstract
This article aims to examine the distinguish between the Qur'an and hadith as a critical response to John Wansbrough's revisionist-skeptical view of the origins of the Qur'an. This study is based on the fact that Wansbrough has assessed that the Qur'an and hadith emerged from the same “sectarian” environment. This article answers two questions: How does Fred M. Donner distinguish between the Qur'an and hadith? And how does Fred M. Donner refute Wansbroug's criticism?. Using a qualitative approach, literature review, and descriptive-analytical data analysis, this article concludes that Wansbrough's claim that the Qur'an and hadith originated from similar sectarian sources and were formed during nearly the same period has been refuted by the arguments put forward by Fred M. Donner. Six key distinctions between the Qur'an and hadith are: when the Qur'an and hadith address religious and political authority; the Qur'an and hadith regarding contemporaries of the Prophet; anachronisms in the Qur'an and hadith; the Qur'an and hadith concerning previous prophets; the Qur'an and hadith regarding the Prophet Muhammad himself; and the Qur’an and hadith regarding the ritual of prayer, have successfully criticized and refuted Wansbrough’s ideas. That the two corpora, namely the Qur’an and hadith, did not originate from a similar sectarian environment, but rather from different historical contexts. The Qur’an is believed to have emerged earlier than the hadith, both chronologically and in its codification process. This article contributes to clarifying the independence and authenticity of the Qur'an as an earlier source of Islamic teachings than the hadith, while emphasizing the importance of textual-historical studies of the two corpora amid Western revisionist discourse.
Abstrak: Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji perbedaan antara al-Qur’an dan hadis sebagai bentuk respons kritis terhadap pandangan revisionis-skeptis John Wansbrough mengenai asal-usul al-Qur’an. Kajian ini dilatari fakta bahwa Wansbrough telah menilai bahwa al-Qur’an dan hadis muncul dari satu lingkungan “sektarian” yang sama. Artikel ini menjawab dua rumusan masalah: bagaimana distingsi al-Qur’an dan hadis menurut Fred M. Donner? dan bagaimana kritik terhadap pemikiran Wansbroug berdasarkan sanggahan Fred M. Donner?. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, jenis penelitian kepustakaan, serta analisis data yang bersifat deskriptif-analitis, artikel ini menyimpulkan bahwa keraguan Wansbrough yang menyatakan al-Qur’an dan hadis berasal dari sumber sektarian yang serupa dan terbentuk dalam periode waktu yang hampir bersamaan, telah dipatahkan oleh argumen yang dikemukakan oleh Fred M. Donner. Enam poin penting distingsi al-Qur’an dan hadis, yakni saat al-Qur’an dan hadis berbicara tentang otoritas agama dan politik; al-Qur’an dan hadis tentang orang-orang semasa Nabi; anakronisme dalam al-Qur’an dan Hadis; al-Qur’an dan hadis tentang para nabi terdahulu; al-Qur’an dan hadis tentang Nabi Muhammad sendiri; dan al-Qur’an dan hadis tentang ritual ibadah salat, telah berhasil mengkritik sekaligus menyanggah pemikiran Wansbrough. Bahwa kedua korpus tersebut, yakni al-Qur’an dan hadis, tidaklah lahir dari lingkungan sektarian yang serupa, melainkan berasal dari konteks historis yang berbeda. Al-Qur’an diyakini muncul lebih dahulu dibandingkan hadis, baik secara kronologis maupun dalam proses kodifikasinya. Artikel ini berkontribusi dalam memperjelas independensi dan keotentikan al-Qur’an sebagai sumber ajaran Islam yang lebih awal dibandingkan hadis, sekaligus menegaskan pentingnya kajian tekstual-historis terhadap dua korpus di tengah wacana revisionisme Barat.
Keywords
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24014/alqudwah.v3i2.37551
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