The Effect of Self-Esteem on Resilience among Victims of Bullying: Does Gender Play a Role?

Saaduddin Saaduddin, Eko Sujadi, Nuzmi Sasferi, Desri Jumiarti

Abstract


Bullying has become a serious issue in educational institutions. Bullying causes significant negative effects on physical, social, and psychological aspects. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of self-esteem on resilience. We also analyzed the resilience differences between male and female students. Through a cross-sectional study design, 86 students participated in completing a survey. The Multidimensional Peer-Victimization Scale developed by Mynard & Joseph was used to determine respondents who were victims of bullying. Furthermore, The Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE) were used to measure resilience and self-esteem. The data analysis technique used to reveal the difference in resilience of bullying victims between males and females is the independent sample t-test. Furthermore, simple regression is used to test the influence of self-esteem on resilience. The results showed that students' self-esteem and resilience were moderate. There was a significant difference in resilience between male and female students, with males having higher resilience than females. Testing also proved that there is an influence of self-esteem on students' resilience. This study has implications for the importance of addressing bullying in schools. Furthermore, psychological interventions through counseling services can be implemented to improve resilience.

Full Text:

PDF

References


Aalsma, M. C., & Brown, J. R. (2008). What Is Bullying? Journal of Adolescent Health, 43(2), 101–102. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.06.001

Aburn, G., Gott, M., & Hoare, K. (2016). What is resilience? An Integrative Review of the empirical literature. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 72(5), 980–1000. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12888

Ara, N., Enad, D., Balantekin, Y., Bilgin, A., & Soyuçok, M. (2019). Ev ve Okul Yaşantılarında Zorbalığa Etki Eden Faktörler : Bir Karma Yöntem Araştırması Factors Affecting Bullying in Home and School Life : A Mixed Method Research bile kurban için çok sarsıcı ve incitici olabilir . Öte yandan Olweus ’ un ( 1993 ) tanımın. Journal of Qualitative Research in Education - JOQRE, 7(1), 0–2. doi: 10.14689/issn.2148-2624.1.7c1s.3m

Arseneault, L. (2018). Annual Research Review: The persistent and pervasive impact of being bullied in childhood and adolescence: implications for policy and practice. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59(4), 405–421. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12841

Aunillah, F., & Adiyanti, M. G. (2015). Program Pengembangan Keterampilan Resiliensi untuk Meningkatkan Self-esteem pada Remaja. Gadjah Mada Journal Of Professional Psychology, 1(1), 48–63.

Azeredo, C. M., Rinaldi, A. E. M., de Moraes, C. L., Levy, R. B., & Menezes, P. R. (2015). School bullying: A systematic review of contextual-level risk factors in observational studies. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 22, 65–76. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2015.04.006

Beane, A. . (2008). Protect Your Child from Bullying. San Fransisco: Jossey-Bass.

Boardman, J. D., Blalock, C. L., & Button, T. M. M. (2008). Sex Differences in the Heritability of Resilience. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 11(1), 12–27. doi: 10.1375/twin.11.1.12

Branden, N. (1969). The psychology of self-esteem. New York: Bantam.

Çalışkan, Z., Evgin, D., Bayat, M., Caner, N., Kaplan, B., Öztürk, A., & Keklik, D. (2019). Peer Bullying in the Preadolescent Stage: Frequency and Types of Bullying and the Affecting Factors. The Journal of Pediatric Research, 6(3), 169–179. doi: 10.4274/jpr.galenos.2018.26576

Cherry, K. (2021). What Is Self-Esteem? Retrieved from Very Well Mind website: https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-self-esteem-2795868

Childs, E., Wit, H. De, & Ave, M. (2014). Regular exercise is associated with emotional resilience to acute stress in healthy adults. 5(May), 1–7. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00161

Chulakarn, N., & Chaimongkol, N. (2021). Factors affecting resilience among early adolescents living in homes for children: A model testing. Children and Youth Services Review, 120, 105737. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105737

Cohen, M., Baziliansky, S., & Beny, A. (2014). The association of resilience and age in individuals with colorectal cancer: An exploratory cross-sectional study. Journal of Geriatric Oncology, 5(1), 33–39. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgo.2013.07.009

Colorosa, B. (2007). Stop Bullying (Memutus Rantai Kekerasan Anak dari Prasekolah Hingga SMU). Jakarta: Ikrar Mandiri Abadi.

Cunningham, N. J. (2007). Level of Bonding to School and Perception of the School Environment by Bullies, Victims, and Bully Victims. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 27(4), 457–478. doi: 10.1177/0272431607302940

Cusack, L., Smith, M., Hegney, D., Rees, C. S., Breen, L. J., Witt, R. R., … Cheung, K. (2016). Exploring environmental factors in nursing workplaces that promote psychological resilience: Constructing a unified theoretical model. Frontiers in Psychology, 7(MAY), 1–8. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00600

Darney, C., Howcroft, G., & Stroud, L. (2013). The Impact That Bullying At School Has on an Individual’S Self-Esteem During Young Adulthood. International Journal of Education and Research, 1(8), 1–16. Retrieved from www.ijern.com

Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Self-Determination Theory: A Macrotheory of Human Motivation, Development, and Health. Canadian Psychology, 49(3), 182–185. doi: 10.1037/a0012801

Dewi, N., Hasan, H., & AR, M. (2016). Perilaku Bullying yang Terjadi di SD Negeri Unggul Lampeuneurut Aceh Besar. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Guru Sekolah Dasar, 1(2), 37–45.

Distiller, B. ., Theron, C., Martin, E., & Ward, C. . (2007). Factors affecting resilience in children exposed to violence. South African Journal of Psychology, 37(1), 165–187. doi: 10.10520/EJC98409

Ellis, L., Farrington, D. P., & Hoskin, A. W. (2019). Chapter 6 - Cognitive and Mental Health Factors. In L. Ellis, D. P. Farrington, & A. W. B. T.-H. of C. C. (Second E. Hoskin (Eds.), Handbook of Crime Correlates (Second Edition) (pp. 259–306). San Diego: Academic Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-804417-9.00006-5

Erdogan, E., Ozdogan, O., & Erdogan, M. (2015). University Students’ Resilience Level: The Effect of Gender and Faculty. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 186, 1262–1267. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.047

Fisher, M. J., & Marshall, A. P. (2009). Understanding descriptive statistics. Australian Critical Care, 22(2), 93–97. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aucc.2008.11.003

Fletcher, D., & Sarkar, M. (2013). Psychological resilience: A review and critique of definitions, concepts, and theory. European Psychologist, Vol. 18, pp. 12–23. Fletcher, David: School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, United Kingdom, LE11 3TU, D.Fletcher@lboro.ac.uk: Hogrefe Publishing. doi: 10.1027/1016-9040/a000124

Heatherton, T. F., & Wyland, C. L. (2003). Assessing self-esteem. Positive Psychological Assessment: A Handbook of Models and Measures., pp. 219–233. Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association. doi: 10.1037/10612-014

Herrman, H., Stewart, D. E., Diaz-Granados, N., Berger, E. L., Jackson, B., & Yuen, T. (2011). What is Resilience? The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 56(5), 258–265. doi: 10.1177/070674371105600504

Huey, C. W. T., & Palaganas, J. C. (2020). What are the factors affecting resilience in health professionals? A synthesis of systematic reviews. Medical Teacher, 42(5), 550–560. doi: 10.1080/0142159X.2020.1714020

Idsoe, T., Dyregrov, A., & Idsoe, E. C. (2012). Bullying and PTSD Symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40(6), 901–911. doi: 10.1007/s10802-012-9620-0

Isaacs, A. . (2014). Gender Differences in Resilience of Academic Deans. Journal of Research in Education, 24(1), 112–119.

Itegi, F. . (2017). Bullying and its Effects: Experiences in Kenyan Public Secondary Schools. International Journal of Education and Research, 5(3), 23–36.

Jan, A., & Husain, S. (2015). Bullying in Elementary Schools: Its Causes and Effects on Students. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(19), 43–56.

Javanmard, A., & Montanari, A. (2014). Confidence intervals and hypothesis testing for high-dimensional regression. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 15, 2869–2909.

Karatas, Z. (2011). Self-Esteem and Hopelessness , and Resiliency : An Exploratory Study of Adolescents in Turkey. International Education Studies, 4(4), 84–91. doi: 10.5539/ies.v4n4p84

Kille, D. R., & Wood, J. V. (2012). Self-Esteem. In V. S. B. T.-E. of H. B. (Second E. Ramachandran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Human Behavior (Second Edition) (pp. 321–327). San Diego: Academic Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-375000-6.00313-X

Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: a critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71(3), 543–562. doi: 10.1111/1467-8624.00164

Malhi, P., Bharti, B., & Sidhu, M. (2014). Aggression in Schools: Psychosocial Outcomes of Bullying Among Indian Adolescents. The Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 81(11), 1171–1176. doi: 10.1007/s12098-014-1378-7

Mandleco, B. L. (2000). An Organizational Framework for Conceptualizing Resilience in Children. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 13(3), 99–112. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6171.2000.tb00086.x

Meyer-Adams, N., & Conner, B. T. (2008). School Violence: Bullying Behaviors and the Psychosocial School Environment in Middle Schools. Children & Schools, 30(4), 211–221. doi: 10.1093/cs/30.4.211

Mynard, H., & Joseph, S. (2000). Development of the Multidimensional Peer-Victimization Scale. Aggressive Behavior, 26, 169–178. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2337(2000)26:2<169::AID-AB3>3.0.CO;2-A

Nyiagani, P. W., Kristinawati, W., Kristen, U., & Wacana, S. (2021). Kecerdasan Emosi dengan Resiliensi Berdasarkan Jenis Kelamin pada Remaja di Panti Asuhan. Philanthropy : Journal of Psychology, 5, 295–305.

Oktasari, M., & Wahyudin, H. (2021). Uji Konstruk dan Pengukuran Resiliensi Berdasarkan Jenis Kelamin Menggunakan Analisis Pemodelan Rasch. Enlighten: Jurnal Bimbingan Konseling Islam, 4(1), 42–53.

Oktaverina, S. (2021). Perbedaan Resiliensi Individu dengan Status Sosial Ekonomi Rendah ditinjau dari Jenis Kelamin. Jurnal Ilmiah BK Undiksha, 12(2), 280–286. doi: 10.23887/jibk.v12i2.34210

Oliveira, F. R., de Menezes, T. A., Irffi, G., & Oliveira, G. R. (2018). Bullying effect on student’s performance. EconomiA, 19(1), 57–73. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econ.2017.10.001

Olweus, D. (2013). School Bullying: Development and Some Important Challenges. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9(1), 751–780. doi: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185516

Ong, A. D., Bergeman, C. S., & Boker, S. M. (2009). Resilience Comes of Age: Defining Features in Later Adulthood. Journal of Personality, 77(6), 1777–1804. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00600.x

Owusu, A., Hart, P., Oliver, B., & Kang, M. (2011). The Association Between Bullying and Psychological Health Among Senior High School Students in Ghana, West Africa. Journal of School Health, 81(5), 231–238. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2011.00590.x

Papanikolaou, M., Chatzikosma, T., & Kleio, K. (2011). Bullying at School: The role of family. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 29, 433–442. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.11.260

Pengpid, S., & Peltzer, K. (2013). Bullying and Its Associated Factors among School-Aged Adolescents in Thailand. The Scientific World Journal, 2013, 254083. doi: 10.1155/2013/254083

Pooley, J. A., & Cohen, L. (2010). Resilience: A definition in context. Australian Community Psychologist, 22(1), 30–37. Retrieved from http://apsconference.com.au/Assets/Files/Pooley.pdf

Priyadarshini D, S., & Rathnasabapathy, M. (2021). The Impact of Resilience among Orphans: A Review. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 9, 67–74. doi: 10.25215/0903.009

Rinaldi, R. (2010). Resiliensi Pada Masyarakat Kota Padang Ditinjau Dari Jenis Kelamin. Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi Gunadarma, 3(2), 100812.

Rojas, L. F. (2015). Factors Affecting Academic Resilience in Middle School Students: A Case Study. GiST Education and Learning Research Journal, 11(11), 63–78. doi: 10.26817/16925777.286

Rose, A. (2017). Defining Resilience Across Disciplines BT - Defining and Measuring Economic Resilience from a Societal, Environmental and Security Perspective (A. Rose, Ed.). Singapore: Springer Singapore. doi: 10.1007/978-981-10-1533-5_3

Rosenberg, M. (1979). Conceiving the Self. New York: Basic Books.

Salim, F., & Fakhrurrozi, M. (2020). Efikasi Diri Akademik dan Resiliensi Pada Mahasiswa. Jurnal Psikologi, 16(2), 175–187.

Sambu, L. ., & Mhongo, S. (2019). Age and Gender in Relation to Resilience After the Experience of Trauma among Internally Displaced Persons (IDPS) in Kiambaa Village, Eldoret East Sub-County, Kenya. Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Science, 7(1), 31–40. doi: https://doi.org/10.15640/jpbs.v7n1a4

Saraswati, L., Tiatri, S., & Sahrani, R. (2017). Peran Self-Esteem Dan School Well-Being Pada Resiliensi Siswa Smk Pariwisata A. Jurnal Muara Ilmu Sosial, Humaniora, Dan Seni, 1(2), 511–518.

Sarwar, M., Inamulla, H., Khan, N., & Anwar, N. (2010). Resilience and Academic Achievement of Male and Female Secondary Level Students in Pakistan. Journal of College Teaching & Learning, 7(8), 19–24. doi: https://doi.org/10.19030/tlc.v7i8.140

Sawyer, J.-L., Mishna, F., Pepler, D., & Wiener, J. (2011). The missing voice: Parents’ perspectives of bullying. Children and Youth Services Review, 33(10), 1795–1803. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.05.010

Schreck, M. C., & Conelea, C. A. (2018). Chapter 6 - Improving Self-Esteem for Youth With Tourette Syndrome and Tic Disorders. In J. F. McGuire, T. K. Murphy, J. Piacentini, & E. A. B. T.-T. C. G. to T. and M. of Y. with T. S. and T. D. Storch (Eds.), The Clinician’s Guide to Treatment and Management of Youth with Tourette Syndrome and Tic Disorders (pp. 121–138). Oxford: Academic Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811980-8.00006-6

Sedikides, C., & Gress, A. . (2003). Portraits of the self. In M. . Hogg & J. Cooper (Eds.), Sage handbook of social psychology. London: SAGE Publications.

Sholichah, I. F., Paulana, A. N., & Fitriya, P. (2018). Self-Esteem Dan Resiliensi Akademik Mahasiswa. Proceeding National Conference Psikologi UMG 2018, (2002), 191–197.

Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15(3), 194–200. doi: 10.1080/10705500802222972

Southwick, S. M., Bonanno, G. A., Masten, A. S., Panter-Brick, C., & Yehuda, R. (2014). Resilience definitions, theory, and challenges: interdisciplinary perspectives. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5, 10.3402/ejpt.v5.25338. doi: 10.3402/ejpt.v5.25338

Stets, J. E., & Burke, P. J. (2014). Self-Esteem and Identities. Sociological Perspectives, 57(4). doi: 10.1177/0731121414536141

Sujadi, E., & Setioningsih, L. (2018). Perbedaan Locus Of Control Ditinjau dari Etnis. Jurnal Bimbingan Dan Konseling Terapan, 2(2), 128. doi: 10.30598/jbkt.v2i2.371

Sujadi, E., Yandri, H., & Juliawati, D. (2021). Perbedaan Resiliensi Siswa Laki-laki dan Perempuan yang Menjadi Korban Bullying. Psychocentrum Review, 3(2), 174–186. doi: 10.26539/pcr.32665

Trépanier, S.-G., Fernet, C., & Austin, S. (2013). Workplace bullying and psychological health at work: The mediating role of satisfaction of needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness. Work & Stress, 27(2), 123–140. doi: 10.1080/02678373.2013.782158

Türkmen, D. ., Dokgöz, M. ., Akgöz, S. ., Eren, B. N. ., Vural, H. ., & Polat, H. . (2013). Bullying Among High School Students. Maedica-A Journal of Clinical Medicine, 8(2), 143–152.

Ungar, M. (2008). Resilience across Cultures. The British Journal of Social Work, 38(2), 218–235. doi: 10.1093/bjsw/bcl343

Ungar, M. (2011). The social ecology of resilience: addressing contextual and cultural ambiguity of a nascent construct. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 81(1), 1–17. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01067.x

Ungar, M. (2015). Resilience and Culture: The Diversity of Protective Processes and Positive Adaptation BT - Youth Resilience and Culture: Commonalities and Complexities (L. C. Theron, L. Liebenberg, & M. Ungar, Eds.). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. doi: 10.1007/978-94-017-9415-2_3

United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2019). Behind the numbers: ending school violence and bullying. Place de Fontenoy: Unesco. Retrieved from https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366483

Wakhid, A., Andriani, N. ., & Saparwati, M. (2017). Perilaku Bullying Siswa Usia 10-12 Tahun. Jurnal Keperawatan Jiwa, 5(1), 25–28.

Windle, G. (2011). What is resilience? A review and concept analysis. Reviews in Clinical Gerontology, 21(2), 152–169. doi: 10.1017/S0959259810000420

Wood, J. V, & Forest, A. L. (2016). Chapter Three - Self-Protective yet Self-Defeating: The Paradox of Low Self-Esteem People’s Self-Disclosures. In J. M. Olson & M. P. B. T.-A. in E. S. P. Zanna (Eds.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 53, pp. 131–188). Academic Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.10.001

Wulandari, A. P. ., & Istiani, I. (2021). The effect of self-esteem and self-efficacy on the academic resilience of undergraduate students in Jakarta The effect of self-esteem and self-efficacy on the academic resilience of undergraduate students in Jakarta. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/729/1/012094

Yuliani, S., Widiantil, E., & Sari, S. . (2018). Resiliensi Remaja dalam Menghadapi Perilaku Bullying. Jurnal Keperawatan BSI, 6(1), 77–86. doi: 10.31311/.v6i1.3756




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24014/egcdj.v6i1.22025

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2023 Educational Guidance and Counseling Development Journal



INDEXED BY:

        

EGCDJ is published by Fakultas Tarbiyah dan Keguruan Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau.

Mailing Address:

Gedung PMU Lt. II Fakultas Tarbiyah dan Keguruan Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau  
Jl. H.R. Soebrantas Km. 15 No. 155, Pekanbaru - Riau 28293, Email: egcdj.bk@uin-suska.ac.id

Creative Commons License
EGCDJ is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

View My Stats
  • https://adminssw.minori.co.id/minori/
  • https://2021.bintarolc.co.id/bintaro/
  • https://assessment.kadellabs.com/kadellabs/
  • https://simawa.uai.ac.id
  • https://sikoba.koni-kotabandung.or.id/css/konibandung/
  • https://ekinerja.binjaikota.go.id/absensi/environments/prod/-/gacor-nih/
  • https://mylm.lifemedia.id/lifemedia/pastiwin/?file=PASTIWIN777
  • https://esign.brantas-abipraya.co.id/esign/index.html
  • Scatter Hitam
  • https://danielhowardwriting.com/
  • https://ibs.rshs.or.id/assets/?js=Pastiwin777
  • https://www.15thcombatengineers.org/
  • https://siber.ekaakarjati.id/siber/
  • https://mttbapps.rsmurniteguh.com/murnih/
  • http://sobatifk.dinkes.boyolali.go.id/
  • https://ibs.rshs.or.id/web-ibs/
  • https://dewanarsitek.id/dewan/
  • Mahjong Ways 3
  • http://poltekpelaceh.ac.id/elearning-bp2ip/elearning/?aceh=politeknik
  • http://siakad.stikesmuhbojonegoro.ac.id/img/scatter-hitam/
  • Slot Gacor Hari Ini
  • slotplus777
  • https://suburbannewsletter.com/
  • https://pastiwin777.uk/
  • Mbokslot
  • http://103.206.170.246:8080/visi/
  • https://mylm.lifemedia.id/lifemedia/
  • https://marketingworks.vn/
  • https://heylink.me/Mbokslot.com/
  • https://career.pgn-solution.co.id/pastiwin/?vendor=PASTIWIN777
  • https://bahanajar.schoolmedia.id/storage/bahanajar/