SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW: DETERMINATION OF GOVERNMENT POLICY IN HEALTH AND EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT FOR IMPROVED HUMAN CAPITAL

Human capital plays a very strategic role in supporting the competitiveness of a country or region. This study aims to determine how the development of human capital is seen from the theoretical and practical settings and how the solutions are resolved. With the approach pattern, Systematic Literature Review in the journal already is published from the year 2011 until 2021 it got the result that human capital research is currently focused on two topics and trends: the development of education and health. The method often used in human capital research is a quantitative approach of 62%, a qualitative approach of 36% and a mixed-method approach of 2%. The cause of the low increase in human capital is the lack of government attention in improving education and health. The solution given to answer the problem of low human capital is by improving the quality of education and improving public health facilities to achieve better human capital. To achieve this goal, the government plays an important role in this increase.


INTRODUCTION
Human capital is a term often used by economists for education, health, and other human resources, which if enhanced capabilities can increase productivity. If education is believed to increase the value and quality of human capital, then the formation of human capital is an important means of encouraging economic growth. Therefore, if education is only considered a signal of the quality of a person's education, it is believed that the education received by workers will not increase their productivity. (Fahmi & Mulyono, 2016). From a health perspective, a prosperous country is one of the indicators reflected in a healthy society. A prosperous society is built from several aspects of life, namely the fulfilment of food, housing, security and health needs (Artana, 2016).
On the other hand, it is difficult to identify and measure human resources directly.
Research is usually done indirectly. Therefore, a more accurate measurement of human resources must be complemented by more meaningful indicators. However, the concept of human capital has been extended to human resource development related to a healthy lifestyle, knowledge and standard of living. (Adriani, 2019).
Human resource development also affects public health by reducing fetal and infant mortality rates and increasing children's health and life expectancy. Many studies conducted in South Korea, Taiwan, Japan, China and several other countries have confirmed this.
Literacy can help people choose and buy the right food and medicine, as well as better access to public health services (Tobing, 2011). National Education and health is a fundamental goal of development. Health is wellbeing, and education is essential for achieving a fulfilling and rewarding life, and both are essential for shaping the capacities of more people, which are at the heart of what development means.
Indonesia's score in the Human Capital Index in 2018 is 0.53. This means that, on average, an Indonesian worker in future generations will only have the productivity of 53% of its full potential if he/she completes education & has full access to health. Even though Indonesian children today can usually complete 12.3 years of education at the age of 18, they can only receive an average of 7.9 years of education due to the low quality of education. Also, nearly a third of Indonesian children are stunted, which means they are at risk of experiencing physical and cognitive limitations.
The data collected is a journal that discusses the development of health and education to increase human capital from 2011 to 2021. These data are identified using the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method. By using the Systematic Literature Review method, journals can be systematically reviewed and identified, each of which follows a predetermined step or protocol. Also, the Systematic Literature Review method can avoid subjective recognition, and it is hoped that the results of this introduction can be added to the literature on the use of the Systematic Literature Review method in the introduction of journals. Todaro & Smith (2006) distinguishes the concept between human capital and human resources. Human capital is a resource of skills, skills, ideas, health, etc. This is the result of spending or spending on education, provision and development of vocational training programs, medical care and maintenance programs. Meanwhile, human resources are the quantity and quality of a country's workforce. Human capital can be defined in various ways, but in general human capital means knowledge, skills, abilities, and other human characteristics related to economic activity (OECD 1998). Therefore, human capital must be treated as a factor of production that is equal to physical capital and separated from labour.

Human Capital
Then, based on Adam Smith's statement, he stated that humans are the main factor that determines the prosperity of the nations. The reason is that nature (land) has no meaning if there are no skilled human resources to cultivate it so that it is useful. In other words, human capital is one of the determining factors in increasing economic growth.
Without quality human capital, physical capital will be meaningless. According to Kumar (2006), human capital is closely related to the skills and knowledge contained in humans obtained through training and experience education which will be useful in the production of goods, services and further development of knowledge. Therefore, the main key to human capital is that education is complemented by other factors including health, work environment, and other.

Systematic Literature Review
Systematic Literature Review is a term used to refer to a particular research or research methodology and development carried out to collect and evaluate research related to a particular focus topic.
Systematic Literature Review research is carried out for various purposes, including to identify, review, evaluate, and interpret all available research on the topic area of the phenomenon of interest, with certain relevant research questions. Systematic Literature Review is also often required for determining the research agenda, as part of a dissertation or thesis, as well as a complementary part of a research grant application.

Metode Review
A systematic approach to review the literature on Health and Education Development for Human Capital Improvement. Systematic Literature Review (SLR) is now a well-established review method in Human capital. Systematic Literature Review aims at the process of finding, assessing, and interpreting all available evidence to provide answers to specific study questions. (Kitchenham & Charters, 2007). This literature review has been conducted as a Systematic Literature Review based on the original guidelines proposed by Kitchenham & Charters (2007). The review method, style, and several figures in this section are also motivated by (Unterkalmsteiner et al., 2011) and (Radjenović et al., 2013).
As shown in Figure 1, the Systematic Literature Review is carried out in three stages: planning, implementing and reporting the literature review. In the first step requirements for a systematic review are identified (Step 1). The purpose of conducting a literature review is discussed in the introduction to this chapter. Then, existing systematic reviews on Human capital development are identified and reviewed. The review protocol was designed to guide the conduct of the review and reduce the possibility of researcher bias (Step 2). It defines the research question, the search strategy, the study selection process by inclusion and exclusion criteria, the quality assessment, and finally the data extraction and synthesis process. Review protocols are presented, developed, evaluated and improved regularly during the implementation and reporting stages of the review.

Research Question
The research question was designed to keep the systematic reviews carried out in focus. Research questions are prepared with the help of the criteria for Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, and Context abbreviated as PICOC (Kitchenham & Charters, 2007 that is, the last 10 years of the writing of this study. Two types of publication namely journal papers and conference proceedings are included.

Study Selection
Inclusion and exclusion criteria were used to select primary studies. These criteria are shown in Table 3.  Figure 3. As shown in Figure 3, the study selection process (Step 5) was carried out in two steps: the exclusion of the primary study by title and the abstract and the exclusion of the main study based on the full text. Literature review studies and other studies that did not include experimental results were excluded. The degree of similarity between the study and the increase in human capital is also included in the study.

Figure 3. Search and Selection of Primary Studies
The final list of primary studies selected for the first phase has 83 primary studies.
Then, the full texts of 83 primary studies were analyzed. Apart from the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the quality of the main study, its relevance to the research question and study similarity were also considered. Similar studies by the same author in multiple journals have been deleted. 83 major studies remained after the exclusion of studies based on full-text selection.

Data Extraction
The selected main study is extracted and then collected data which contributes to answering the questions related to this research. The data extraction form is designed to collect data from the main study needed to answer the research questions. Properties are identified through the research questions and analysis the researcher conducts. The four properties used to answer the research questions are shown in Table 4. Data extraction was carried out iteratively.

Study Quality Assessment and Data Synthesis
Assessment of study quality can be used to guide the interpretation of synthesis findings and to determine the strength of the conclusions outlined. The purpose of data synthesis is to gather evidence from selected studies to answer research questions. A piece of evidence may have little proof strength, but the aggregation of many of them can make the point even stronger. The data extracted in this review includes both quantitative data and qualitative data. Various strategies were used to synthesize the extracted data relating to different types of research questions. In general, the narrative synthesis method is used. The data are tabulated in a manner consistent with the questions. Several visualization tools, including bar charts, pie charts, and tables are also used to improve the presentation of the distribution of the prediction method for human capital increase weaknesses.

Threats to Validity
This review aims to analyze studies on human resource improvement based on statistical techniques. This study did not find any bias in selecting studies. The search was not based on the manual reading of all the titles of papers published in the journal. This means that this review may have excluded some human capital improvement papers from some conference proceedings or journals.

Significant Journal Publications
In this Systematic Literature Review (SLR), 83 journals analyze the performance of improving human capital. Every year some journals discuss increasing human capital in Indonesia, even most in 2019 several journals with qualitative and quantitative approaches discuss increasing human capital in Indonesia. Figure 4 also shows that the field of research on improving human capital is still very relevant today.

Research Topics
Research on health and education development to improve human capital is the most significant research topic in the field of human capital, in detail in table 5. The analysis of the selected primary studies reveals that research on health and education development for human capital improvement focuses on 5 topics, namely: 1. Identifying problems in health and education development to increase human capital.
2. Looking for the most problems faced in increasing human capital.
3. Find the causes of problems in increasing human capital. The third topic finds the causes of problems in increasing human capital in health and education is the government's lack of attention in improving education as researched by Tobing (2011) and (Sani et al., 2018). On the other hand, health problems also require the role of the government to increase human capital as studied by Sokolskaya et al., (2019) and Jeneo (2013).
The fourth topic is choosing solutions to answers to problems in increasing human capital. Anwar (2018) said that the determinants of the convergence of human capital in the first period were economic growth, poverty, illiteracy, access to sanitation, access to clean water, the number of health centres, and the number of universities. Farhanah & Azizah (2013) said that education is needed to optimize the absorption of Indonesian workers through character building, entrepreneurial development, and the provision of a nationally integrated online network. From a health perspective, Artana (2016) said that the health of human capital is influenced in addition to genetics, health service facilities and infrastructure, the environment, and is also strongly influenced by the behaviour or culture of human capital itself, as well as the culture of the group where human capital is located.
The Tri Hita Karana (THK) culture can improve the character of human capital by increasing its health value.
The fifth topic, namely the most complete and best answer solution from all research on health and education development problems for improving human capital is by improving the quality of education and improving public health facilities to achieve better human capital. (Hendarmin & Kartika, 2019). To achieve this goal, the government plays an important role in this increase as revealed by Nurjanah (2014) and Suprayitno et al., (2017).
From several journals reviewed, Figure 7 shows The role of education as human capital is as a forum or tool to prepare a skilled workforce because education is one aspect that supports and can contribute to economic development. Therefore, education is highly emphasized to improve the quality and quality of human resources.

Research methods
Almost all researchers used a quantitative approach with a total of 51 studies. In addition to the quantitative approach, the qualitative approach is also widely used by researchers either with library research, observation, in-depth interviews, or phenomenology and only a few studies use a mixed-method, namely Maridi (2011) and Putri (2017).
The percentage of using research methods is in Figure 8. below. The best method that should be used to research the development of health and education for the improvement of human capital is a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods.
Why is that? Because with this method the existing problems that will be answered in a study can be explained by various approaches using qualitative methods as well as can be proven statistically mathematically using quantitative methods, to obtain a complete analysis result. Quantitative methods are used to obtain measurable analysis results regarding the picture of health and education development to increase human capital, and qualitative methods are used to obtain information about efforts to increase human capital. contrasts with the theory that education will affect society's higher wages.
In terms of health, Artana (2016) also takes a qualitative approach answering that health defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), which was originally meant to be healthy only physically, psychologically, socially, and free from disabilities, has now been added to being spiritually healthy. Human capital health is influenced in addition to genetics, health service facilities and infrastructure, the environment, and is also strongly influenced by the behaviour or culture of human capital itself, as well as the culture of the

CONCLUSION
The results of the Systematic Literature Review from all research contained in journals that have been published from 2011 to 2021 state that human capital is still low, both in terms of education and from a health perspective, from a theoretical and practical standpoint it has not been able to balance the development of human capital. The low level of education and health causes weak human capital.
Based on the designed inclusion and exclusion criteria, 83 studies were identified.
This literature review is conducted as a Systematic Literature Review. Systematic Literature Review is defined as the process of identifying, assessing, and interpreting all available research evidence to provide answers to specific research questions.
The analysis of the selected primary studies reveals that human capital research currently focuses on two topics and trends: education and health development. The method often used in human capital research is a quantitative approach of 62%, a qualitative approach of 36% and a mixed-method approach of 2%.
The cause of the low increase in human capital is the government's lack of attention in improving education and health. The solution given to answer the problem of low human capital is by improving the quality of education and improving public health facilities to achieve better human capital. To achieve this goal, the government plays an important role in this increase.